This page is presenting my research findings.
The 3 research articles
Baotic, Anton, and Angela S. Stoeger. “Sexual Dimorphism in African Elephant Social Rumbles.” PLOS ONE, vol. 12, no. 5, 2017, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177411.
Jachowski, David S., et al. “Physiological Stress and Refuge Behavior by African Elephants.” PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 2, 2012, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031818.
Makecha, Radhika, et al. “An Investigation of the Use of Touch in the Social Interactions of a Group of Asian Elephants (Elephas Maximus).” PsycEXTRA Dataset, 2009, doi:10.1037/e603962013-121.
The author of “Sexual Dimorphism in African Elephant Social Rumbles” from PLOS ONE —Anton Baotic —is a zoologist that research on vocal production mechanisms and acoustic communication in mammals by investigating acoustic characteristics and components in vocalizations to determine their biological relevance. The study analyzed sex differences in the vocal factor among African elephant rumbles while produced in social contexts. Scientist recorded 140 rumbles from 10 males and 123 rumbles from 9 female elephants. The results found that sexual size dimorphism is only partly responsible for sexual differences in social rumbles in African elephants. Scientist recorded 140 rumbles from 10 males and 123 rumbles from 9 female elephants. The source fits my topic very much. I can go in depth to learn the social rumbles in African elephant. This is connected to the other two source on the type of elephants. The study used zoo or reserved African elephants mainly.
David Jachowski, author of “Physiological Stress and Refuge Behavior by African Elephants” from PLoS ONE, is a associate professor of wildlife ecology in college of agriculture, forestry and life sciences. The study focused on the physiological stress responses on elephants. Scientists compared space use patterns among three African elephant populations to test the spatial and temporal refuge hypo. The result found that even though home range sizes are the sam, but elephants used areas within their home ranges differently between day and night. Among all three reserves, elephants chose forest and woodland habitats over grasslands. However, iSimangaliso’s elephants selected exotic forest plantation over native habitat types. This source might fit my topic on analyzing how elephants response to stress. This study also used reserved African elephants.
The author Radhika Makecha in the article “An Investigation of the Use of Touch in the Social Interactions of a Group of Asian Elephants (Elephas Maximus)” from PsycEXTRA is an associate professor in the psychology department at Eastern Kentucky University. The study focused on the role of touch in the social interactions of Asian elephants. They used body parts to give and receive signals. The study found that it is important for elephants to have their opportunity to be in touch with other elephants. This source situated my topic very well. I can no only see reactions from the elephants, but also the human and elephant interactions. This source focused on wild elephant and Asian elephants compared to the other two.
Lenin, Janaki. “ACTION PLAN FOR THE MITIGATION OF ELEPHANT-HUMAN CONFLICT ...” ACTION PLAN FOR THE MITIGATION OF ELEPHANT-HUMAN CONFLICT IN INDIA , Mar. 2011, blog.ncf-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Action-Plan-for-the-Mitigation-of-Elephant-Human-Conflict-in-India-Final.pdf.
The author Janaki Lenin in the article "ACTION PLAN FOR THE MITIGATION OF ELEPHANT-HUMAN CONFLICT IN INDIA" is a full time journalist and she writes about wildlife science and conservation practice in India. In this article, she separated into two large sections, one on human perspective and one on elephant perspective. Retaliation for crop raiding, poaching for ivory, and habitat loss are challenges that elephants have to face. However, destruction to human lives, property, and land are also serious challenges in the human perspective. I think this is a great article on summary of elephant-human conflict with no bias. I would use this to support my claims on elephant-human different perspectives.
Baskaran, Nagarajan, et al. “A Landscape-Level Assessment of Asian Elephant Habitat, Its Population and Elephant–Human Conflict in the Anamalai Hill Ranges of Southern Western Ghats, India.” Mammalian Biology, vol. 78, no. 6, 2013, pp. 470–481., doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2013.04.007.
In the article "A landscape-level assessment of Asian elephant habitat, its population and elephant–human conflict in the Anamalai hill ranges of southern Western Ghats, India" by Nagarajan Baskaran, the researchers estimated the elephant population and density and assessed elephant-human conflict in the area. Baskaran is an assistant professor of the department of zoology and wildlife biology at the AVC college. In this research study, I learned that higher level of elephant-human conflict relate to habitat fragmentation and cultivation. Once we know the cause of elephant-human conflict, we could be able to solve / reduce the issue. I will this this article to argue what is the main reason causing the conflict.
Shaffer, L. Jen, et al. “Human-Elephant Conflict: A Review of Current Management Strategies and Future Directions.” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 6, 2019, doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00235.
The article "Human-Elephant Conflict: A Review of Current Management Strategies and Future Directions" by L. Jen Shaffer assessed current strategies toward human-elephant conflict and analyzed the goal for future plan. L. Jen Shaffer is a professor at the department of anthropology at University of Maryland. The article also carefully analyzed the causes and consequences of human-elephant conflict such as habitat fragmentation and dietary requirements, which I could be used in my essay.
Perera, Oswin A. Mara Elephant Project, http://maraelephantproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/The-Human-Elephant-Conflict-A-Review-of-Current-Status-and-Mitigation-Methods.pdf.
The article "The Human-Elephant Conflict: A Review of Current Status and Mitigation Methods" by B. M. A. Oswin Perera analyzed the elephant range, population and human elephant conflict from different regions like China, India, and Cambodia. In addition, they also showed us the current management strategies and methods to mitigate HEC. For example, physical barriers, vigilance methods, and deterrent methods had demonstrated possible solutions on HEC. The author Perera is the faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya. This study is a very careful analyzed research on comparing HEC from different area and offered the best possible solutions. I will be using the data from the study to illustrate how to solve the HEC. For example, seventy percent of the wild elephants reside outside protected zones in Asia.
Harvey, Martin. "Elephant." World Wildlife Fund, www.worldwildlife.org/species/elephant#
The author Martin Harvey of "Elephant" specialises in wildlife photography and videography. Harvey argued that translocation entails immobilization, drugging, and transporting dead elephants from human farms or settlements to protected areas. Although translocation serves to maintain a harmonious state, studies have found out that it was ineffective. Translocated elephants are found to return to their initial territories and cause immense havoc. This is a great example of showing why certain solutions wouldn't work and we should avoid it.
Jabr, Ferris. "The Science Is In: Elephants Are Even Smarter Than We Realized [Video]." Scientific American, www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-science-is-in-elephants-are-even-smarter-than-we-realized-video/.
The article "The Science Is In: Elephants Are Even Smarter Than We Realized [Video]" by Ferris Jabr says the World Wildlife Fund should actively participate in environmental engagement activities that result in behavior improvements that positively impact the environment. For example, they should support community response teams in dealing with human-wildlife conflict and collaborate with people to innovate alternative livelihood chances to mitigate the economic impact of crop destruction. In the long run, WWF should partner with stakeholders and policymakers to tackle the root causes of conflicts, like loss of habitat, unplanned land use, and degradation, to reduce human-wildlife disputes. For example, game rangers should inform people about elephant migration patterns. Ferris is a science writer and a contributing writer at the New York Times Magazines and Scientific American. This is a great solution that I could use on my AP project.